Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 464

The unwise sleep, the sages always wake. Know, that in this world the (cause of) misery l brings forth evil consequences ! Knowing the course of the world 2 , one should cease from violent acts. He who correctly possesses 3 these (sensual perceptions), viz. sounds, and colours, and smells, and tastes, and touches (i), who self-possessed, wise, just, chaste, with right comprehension understands the world, he is to be called a sage, one who knows the law, and righteous. He knows the connection of the whirl (of births) and the current (of sensation with love and hate). Not minding heat and cold, equanimous against pleasure and pain, the Nirgrantha does not feel the austerity of penance. Waking and free from hostility, a wise man, thou liberatest (thyself and others) from the miseries. (2)

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 52

* See Kalpa Sutra, Lives of the Ginas, no; Afcaranga Stitra II, 15, 15. 8 Tumour in the Journal of the Royal As. Soc. of Bengal, VII, p. 992.

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 1199

abusive words adapted to females). Considering well, they should not use such sinful, blamable, &c., speech. (10)

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 1938

After the prose list aH MSS. have eight gaiMs, in which the names 16-32, given above, are repeated. Instead of translating these verses, which contain little more than a string of names, I only note down the differences from the above list. After 18 is added Duigaya Kr*sha, a Kau/ika ; Nakshatra is shortened, metri causa, to Nakkha ; the gotra of Sahghapalita is Kajyapa instead of Gau- tama; after 30 are inserted Hasta of the Kajyapa gotra and Dharma.

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 1442

(10) When the parents of the Venerable Ascetic Mahdvlra had be- come aware of this, after the lapse of the tenth day, and the performance of the purification, they prepared much food, drink, sweetmeats, and spices; and having invited a host of friends, near arid remote relatives, they distributed, portioned out, bestowed (the above-mentioned materials) to Srama^as, Brihma^as, paupers, beggars 8 , eunuchs, &c., and distributed gifts to .those who wanted to make presents ; then they gave a dinner to the host of friends, near and remote relatives, and after dinner they announced the name (of the child) to their guests: (n) 'Since the prince was placed in the womb of the Kshatriy^l Tmald, this family's (treasure) of gold, silver, riches, corn, jewels, pearls, shells, precious stones, and corals increased ; there- fore the prince shall be called Vardhamdna (i.e.

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 1244

Hearing and perceiving such talk, he should not accept such clothes ; for they are impure and un- acceptable. (10)

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 886

When a monk or a nun wishes to enter the abode of a householder, they should do so with the complete outfit 1 . (6)

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 1046

1. If the reverend persons continue to live in those places after staying there for a month l in the hot or cold seasons or for the rainy season (he should say) : ' O long-lived one ! you sin by overstaying the fixed time/ (6)

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 937

of living beings. Therefore he should not accept such-like food, &C M fetched from above, (j)

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 1574

When the Brihma^a ^'shabhadatta had heard and perceived this news from the Brahma^t Devi- nanda, he, glad, pleased, and joyful (see $5, down to) rain-drops, firmly fixed the dreams (in his mind), and entered upon considering them. He grasped the meaning of those dreams with his own innate intellect and intuition, which were preceded by reflection, and thus spoke to the Brahma;/! DevAnanda : (8)

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 1965

alms, except when he does services for the the teacher, an ascetic, or a sick man, likewise if he or she be a novice who has not yet the marks of ripe age 1 . (20) To a monk who during the Pa^usan eats only one meal on every second day, the follow- ing special rule applies. Having gone out in the morning, he should eat and drink 2 his pure dinner, then he should clean and rub his alms-bowl.

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 167

' Let him eat food, given without asking, regarding which nothing has been settled beforehand, and which has reached him accidentally, so much only as is sufficient to sustain life 1 . 1 The reader will find on perusing the 6aina 'rules for begging 2 ' that only that food is considered 'pure and acceptable which has been obtained under exactly the same circumstances as have been laid down in the above rule of Baudhiyana for Brahmanic ascetics. The Bud- dhists are not so strict in this regard, as they accept invita- tions for dinner, of course,, prepared especially for them.

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 214

What has been said about the religious doctrines of the Gainas can also be proved of their historical traditions. For the detailed lists of teachers handed down in the several GaAas 2 , and those incorporated in their sacred

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 1783

things animate, inanimate, and of a mixed state ; with regard to space ; in a village or a town or in a wood or in a field or a threshing-floor or a house l or a court-yard ; with regard to time : in a Samaya 2 ,or an Avalikd or in the time of a respir- ation or in a Stoka or in a Kshaa or in a Lava or in a Muhtirta or in a day or in a fortnight or in a month or in a season or in a half year or in a year or in a long space of time ; with regard to affects : in wrath or in pride or in deceit or in greed or in fear or in mirth or in love or in hate or in quarrelling or in calumny or in tale-bearing or in scandal or in pleasure or pain or in deceitful falsehood, &c. (all down to) 3 or in the evil of wrong belief. There was nothing of this kind in the Venerable One. (118)

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 232

As single passages may have crept into the text at any time, we can draw no valid inferences from them, even if they be sanctioned by Deyarddhi's receiving them into his revised text. I attach therefore no great weight to the lists of barbarous or un-Aryan tribes 1 , nor to the meition of all seven schisms, the last of which occurred 5^4 A.V. 2 Nothing is more common than that such details should be

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 389

Knowing pain and pleasure in all their variety 2 , and seeing his life not yet decline, a wise man should know that to be the proper moment (for entering a religious life) ; while the perceptions of his ear, eye, organs of smelling, tasting, touching are not

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 600

As in a lake a greedy leaf-covered tortoise cannot rise up ; as the trees do not leave their place (though shaken by storms, &c.) : thus men, born in various families, cry bitterly because they are attached to the objects of the senses 2 ; on account of their sinfulness they do not reach liberation 3 . (2)

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 1115

1 He should in that case stay in the same place for the whole month M6rgajirsha, where he was during the rainy season.

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 1681

He put on (ornaments) of jewels and pearls, hung round his neck fitting necklaces of eighteen, nine, and three strings of pearls, and one with a pearl pendant, and adorned himself with a zone. He put on a collar, rings, and charming ornaments of the hair, and encumbered his arms with excellent bracelets : he was of excessive beauty.

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 849

A monk or a nun wandering from village to village should not do so together with a heretic or a householder ; or a monk who avoids all forbidden food, together with one who does not. (9)

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 2016

20. During the Pa^usan monks or nuns are not allowed to be without their proper bed or bench 1 . This is the reason : A mendicant whose bed and bench are not reserved for his own use, are low and rickety, not sufficiently fastened, without a fixed place, and never exposed to the fun, and

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 208

existence/ The tradition of the Gainas appears to Mr. Earth to have been formed of vague recollections in imitation of the Buddhist tradition.

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 1150

A monk or a nun should not wipe or rub, &c. (all as in 7). ('12)

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 1096

If a monk or a nun wish to give back a couch, they should not do so, if the couch contains eggs, living beings, &c. But if it contains few living beings, &c., they may restrainedly do so, after having well inspected, swept, and dried it 1 . (23)

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 1482

the Muhftrta called Vi^aya, while the moon was in conjunction with the asterism Uttaraphalgunt, when the shadow had turned towards the east, and the first Paurushl 1 was over, after fasting three days without taking water, having put on one garment, the Venerable Ascetic Mah&vlra, in his palankin A^andraprabhi, which only a thousand men can carry, with a train of gods, men, and Asuras left the northern Kshatriya part of the place Ku^/apura by the high way for the park Gn&tri Sha/wfeu There, just at the beginning of night, he caused the palankin A"andraprabh to stop quietly on a slightly raised untouched ground, quietly descended from it, sat quietly down on a throne with the face towards the east, and took off all his ornaments and finery.

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 1170

1 Ahir&tifliy&e, Com. yathSratnddhikara. R&timya is opposed to seha (disciple) ; it is elsewhere explained by ^yesh/Aa ; see Kalpa Sdtra, Sam. 59. I am not sure if the phrase ought not to be translated, with due respect for his superior.

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 1313

Having got possession of some place, a mendicant should invite to that food, &c., which he himself has collected, any fellow-ascetics arriving there who follow the same rules and are zealous brethren ; but he should not invite them to anything of which he has taken possession for the sake of somebody else. (3)

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 768

At that time the son of Gntrz saw without sorrow {or pleasure) people in mutual conversation. Gnbtrtputra. obtained oblivion of these exquisite sorrows. (9)

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 1744

When the ten days of this festival were over, the king Siddfc&rtha gave and ordered to be given hundreds and thousands and hundred-thousands of offerings to the gods, gifts, and portions (of goods); he received and ordered to be received hundreds, thousands, and hundred-thousands of presents. (iO3) 4

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 1520

A Nirgrantha begs after deliberation, for a limited ground, Aot without deliberation. The Kevalin says : If a Nirgrantha begs without deliberation for a limited ground, he might take what is not given. A Nirgrantha, &c.

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 412

whatever his portion will be, small or great, he will desire to enjoy it. Then at one time, his manifold savings are a large treasure. Then at another time, his heirs divide it, or those who are without a living steal it, or the king takes it away, or it is ruined in some way or other, or it is consumed by the con- flagration of the house. Thus a fool doing cruel deeds which benefit another, will ignorantly come thereby to grief. (5)

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 568

inconsistent with weak, sinning, sensual, ill-conducted house-inhabiting men. (4) 'A sage, acquiring sage- dom, should subdue his body/ * The heroes who look at everything with indifference, use mean and rough (food, &c.)' Such a man is said to have crossed the flood (of life), to be a sage, to have passed over (the sawsira), to be liberated, to have ceased (from acts). Thus I say. (5)

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 1969

1 I. e. on whose belly, armpits, lips, &c. hair has not yet grown. The last part is also explained : except an A^arya, teacher, ascetic, sick monk, and novice.

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 186

From all this it becomes probable that the non-Brahma- nic ascetics even in early times were regarded as an order separate and distinguished from the Brahmanic ascetics. We can understand that this position of non-Brahmanic ascetics led to the formation of sects inclining to dissent. That the untrue ascetics had such an origin, may be col- lected from a remark of Vasish/^a.

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 958

8 Amarf&ga, explained in the commentary dmapa/wiam, unripe or half ripe, aramkatanduliyakadi.

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 630

But can discontent lay hold of a mendicant, who has ceased to act and leads a religious life, for a long time controlling himself? He advances in his spiritual career and exerts himself. As an island which is never covered with water, so is the law taught by the noble ones (a safe refuge for those in danger). They are free from desires, free from murder, beloved, wise, learned. For their benefit has been the exertion of the Revered One ; as birds (feed) their young ones, so are the disciples regularly to be instructed day and night. Thus I say. (3)

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 950

When a monk or a nun on a begging-tour smells, in travellers' houses or garden houses or householders' houses or maMs, the scent of food or drink or sweet scents, they should not smell them, being indifferent against smell, and not eager or desirous or greedy or covetous of the pleasant smell. (2)

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 99

We shall now consider the resemblance between Buddhism and Gainism which has struck so many writers on this topic and greatly influenced their opinion regarding their mutual relation. Professor Lassen 1 adduces four points of coinci- dence which, according to his opinion, prove that the Gainas have branched off from the Bauddhas. We shall discuss them one after the other.

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 567

* Colour stands for all perceptions of the senses. Of course, the attachment; to sensual pleasures is meant.

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 934

accept food, &c., which is prepared over the fire ; for such food is impure and unacceptable. The KevaHn says : This is the reason : A layman will kill the fire-bodies, by wetting or moistening, wiping or rubbing, throwing up or turning down the food, &c., for the sake of the mendicant. Hence it has been declared to the mendicants: This is the state- ment, this is the reason, this is the order, that they should not accept food, &c., which has been pre- pared over the fire, &c.

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 1951

As the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira commenced the Pa^^nsan when a month and twenty nights of the rainy season had elapsed, so the Ga^adharas commenced the Pa < ggnsan when a month and twenty nights of the rainy season had elapsed. (3) As the Ga^adharas have done, so the disciples of the Gawadharas have done. (4) As they have done,

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 1593

with confusion, hasty and trembling from his throne, descended from the footstool, took off his shoes which were by a clever artist set with Vaidtirya and excellent Rish/a and A#*ana l , and ornamented with glittering jewels and precious stones, threw his seam- less robe over his left shoulder, and, arranging the fingers of his hands in the shape of a bud, he ad- vanced seven or eight steps towards the Tirthakara. Bending his left knee and reposing on the right one, he three times placed his head on the ground and lifted it a little ; then he raised his bracelet-encum- bered arms, and joining the palms of his hands so as to bring the ten nails together, laid the hands on his head and spoke thus : (15)

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 1234

For the avoidance of these occasions to sin there are four rules for begging clothes to be known by the mendicants.

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 1104

Before inhaling or breathing forth, or coughing or sneezing or yawning or vomiting or eructating, a monk or a nun should cover their face or the place where it lies ; then they may circumspectly inhale or breathe forth, &c. (28)

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 1052

5. In the east, west, north, or south there are faithful householders, viz. a householder or his wife, &c., who will speak thus : 'It is not meet that these illustrious, pious, virtuous, eloquent, controlled, chaste ascetics, who have ceased from sexual intercourse, should dwell in a lodging which is ^dhdkarmika 2 : let us give to the mendicants the lodgings which are ready for our use, viz. workshops, &c., and let us, afterwards, prepare lodgings for our own use, viz. workshops, &c.' Hearing and perceiving such talk, if the reverend persons frequent such-like lodgings, viz. workshops, &c., and live in them which are ceded by other people (they should be warned) : ' O long-lived one ! that (lodging is infected by the sin called) var^akriyci/ (10)

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 252

as a more likely date for A" andragupta, and so does Kern 2 . However this difference matters little : the date of the collec- tion or, perhaps more correctly; the composition of the Caina canon would fall somewhere about the end of the fourth or the beginning of the third century B.C. It is worth noticing, that according to the above-cited tradition, the Sangha of PA/aliputra collected the eleven Angas without the assist- ance of Bhadrabahu.

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 101

of Gina, and perhaps Sramawa, the preference is given to some set of titles by one sect, and to another set by the rival sect; e.g. Buddha, Tathdgata, Sugata, and Sam- buddha are common titles of .Sakyamuni, and are only occasionally used as epithets of Mahdvira. The case is exactly reverse with regard to Vira and Mahavira, the usual titles of Vardhamina.

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 2052

Bhadrayajaska, name of a Kula, 291. Bhadrika, name of a nun, 264. Bhadnyika, name of a Sakha, 291. Bhagavat, title of Ginas, 36. Bharadv%a, name of a gotra, 286,

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 705

Entering a village, or a scot-free town, or a town with an earth-wall, or a town with a small wall, or an isolated town, or a large town, or a sea-town, or a mine, or a hermitage, or the halting-places of processions, or caravans, or a capital 2 a monk should beg for straw ; having begged for straw he should retire with it to a secluded spot After having repeatedly examined and cleaned the ground, where there are no eggs, nor living beings, nor seeds, nor sprouts, nor dew, nor water, nor ants, nor mildew, nor waterdrops, nor mud, nor cobwebs he should spread the straw on it. Then he should there and then effect (the religious death called) itvara 8 . (4)

Jaina Sutras Part I, passage 1241

A householder may perhaps say to a mendicant begging in the prescribed way : 4 O long-lived 6ra- ma#a ! return after a month, ten nights, five nights, to-morrow, to-morrow night ; then we shall give you some clothes/ Hearing and perceiving such talk, he should, after consideration, say: O long-lived one ! (or, O sister !) it is not meet for me to accept such a promise. If you want to give me (something), give it me now ! '